Psychosocial Impact Analysis: Depression and Anxiety During the COVID-19 Pandemic Amongst Students
Depression and Anxiety During the COVID-19 Pandemic Amongst Students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53366/jimki.v8i3.316Keywords:
anxiety, covid-19, depression, pandemic, studentAbstract
Background: The respiratory disease named novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was caused by the Severe acute respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) originated initially in Wuhan, China. Furthermore, the exponential spread of the virus forced many officials to employ strict lockdown and physical distancing measures to halt the transmission. Despite this, mass isolation only surfaces a plethora of problems, especially the increased prevalence in depression and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Both mental illnesses have been shown to increase during the pandemic due to a myriad of risk factors. Thus, in this study we aim to shed light on those risk factors, via a systematic review to determine which are the pivotal reasons for the increasing prevalence
Methods: The review is done in accordance to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guideline from a few online databases including: PubMed, Cochrane, Sciencedirect, Wiley Online Library, dan EBSCOhost
Discussion: After analyzing 401 articles, 5 articles were chosen based on the inclusion criteria. The articles unanimously agreed on a few factors, namely: student status, gender, preexisting health conditions, and also emotional management as main risk factors of depression and GAD
Conclusion: In conclusion, those risk factors should be put into consideration by policy makers in crafting protective measures against COVID-19 and other pandemics in the future in order to minimize its impact on the mental health of students and the overall community.
References
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14. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health [internet]. 2020 Mar [cited 2020 Sep 9]; 17(5): 1729. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7084952/
15. Feng Y, Zong M, Yang Z, Gu W, Dong D, Qiao Z. When altruists cannot help: the influence of altruism on the mental health of university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Global Health [internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sep 4]; 16: 61. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7348110/
16. Xiao H, Su W, Li M, Tao F, Wu X, Yu Y, et al. Social Distancing among Medical Students during the 2019 Coronavirus Disease Pandemic in China: Disease Awareness, Anxiety Disorder, Depression, and Behavioral Activities. Int J Environ Res Public Health [internet]. 2020 Jul; 17(14): 5047. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7399842/
17. Chen R, Liang S, Peng Y, Li X, Chen J, Yang S, et al. Mental health status and change in living rhythms among college students in China during the COVID-19 pandemic: A large-scale survey. J Psychosom Res [internet]. 2020 Aug 15 [cited 2020 Sep 3]; 137: 110219. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7428432/
18. Khan AH, Sultana S, Hossain S, Hasan MT, Ahmed HU, Sikder T. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health & wellbeing among home-quarantined Bangladeshi students: A cross-sectional pilot study. J Affect Disord [internet]. 2020 Aug 7 [cited 2020 Sep 4]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7410816/
2. Vindegaard N, Benros ME. COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence. Brain Behav immune [internet]. 2020 May 30 [cited 2020 Sep 7]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7260522/
3. Lotfi M, Hamblin MR, Rezaei N. COVID-19: Transmission, prevention, and potential therapeutic opportunities. Clin Chim Acta [internet]. 2020 Sep [cited 2020 Sep 5]; 508: 254-66. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7256510/
4. Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res [internet]. 2020 Jun [cited 2020 Sep 4]; 288: 112954. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32325383/
5. Malhi GS, Mann JJ. Depression. Lancet [internet]. 2018 Nov 21 [cited 2020 Sep 5]; 2299-312. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30396512/
6. Cui R. EDITORIAL A Systematic Review of Depression. Curr Neuropharmacol [internet]. 2015 Jul [cited 2020 Sep 9]; 13(4) 480. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4790400/
7. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Hasil Utama Riskesdas 2018 [internet]. Indonesia: Badan Peneltian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan; 2018 [cited 2020 sep 4]. Avaiable from: https://kesmas.kemkes.go.id/assets/upload/dir_519d41d8cd98f00/files/Hasil-riskesdas-2018_1274.pdf
8. Munir S, Takov V. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan [cited 2020 Sep 6]. Avaible from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441870/
9. Bandelow B, Boerner RJ, Kesper S, Linden M, Wittchen H, Moller H. The Diagnosis and Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Dtsch Arztebl Int [internet]. 2013 [cited 2020 Sep 3]; 110(17): 300-10. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23671484/
10. Parekh R. What is mental illness? [internet]. Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 2018 Aug [cited 2020 Sep 7]. Available from: https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/what-is-mental-illness
11. Ritchie H, Roser M. Mental health [internet]. United Kingdom: Our World in Data; 2018 April [cited 2020 Sep 9]. Available from: https://ourworldindata.org/mental-health
12. Menard C, Hodes GE, Russo SJ. Pathogenesis of depression: insights from human and rodent studies. Neuroscience [internet]. 2016 May [cited 2020 Sep 6]; 321: 138-62. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4664582/
13. Patriquin MA, Mathew SJ. The Neurobiological Mechanisms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Chronic Stress. Chronic Stress [internet]. 2017 Jan [cited 2020 Sep 7]; 1: 2470547017703993. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5832062/
14. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health [internet]. 2020 Mar [cited 2020 Sep 9]; 17(5): 1729. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7084952/
15. Feng Y, Zong M, Yang Z, Gu W, Dong D, Qiao Z. When altruists cannot help: the influence of altruism on the mental health of university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Global Health [internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sep 4]; 16: 61. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7348110/
16. Xiao H, Su W, Li M, Tao F, Wu X, Yu Y, et al. Social Distancing among Medical Students during the 2019 Coronavirus Disease Pandemic in China: Disease Awareness, Anxiety Disorder, Depression, and Behavioral Activities. Int J Environ Res Public Health [internet]. 2020 Jul; 17(14): 5047. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7399842/
17. Chen R, Liang S, Peng Y, Li X, Chen J, Yang S, et al. Mental health status and change in living rhythms among college students in China during the COVID-19 pandemic: A large-scale survey. J Psychosom Res [internet]. 2020 Aug 15 [cited 2020 Sep 3]; 137: 110219. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7428432/
18. Khan AH, Sultana S, Hossain S, Hasan MT, Ahmed HU, Sikder T. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health & wellbeing among home-quarantined Bangladeshi students: A cross-sectional pilot study. J Affect Disord [internet]. 2020 Aug 7 [cited 2020 Sep 4]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7410816/
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Published
2021-03-10
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Article Review
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Psychosocial Impact Analysis: Depression and Anxiety During the COVID-19 Pandemic Amongst Students: Depression and Anxiety During the COVID-19 Pandemic Amongst Students. (2021). JIMKI: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kedokteran Indonesia, 8(3), 174-188. https://doi.org/10.53366/jimki.v8i3.316
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